Amateur radio - Wikipedia. An example of an amateur radio station with four transceivers, amplifiers, and a computer for logging and for digital modes. On the wall are examples of various amateur radio awards, certificates, and a reception report card (QSL card) from a foreign amateur station. Amateur radio (also called ham radio) describes the use of radio frequencyspectrum for purposes of non- commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self- training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency communication. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Radio amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes and have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum to enable communication across a city, region, country, continent, the world, or even into space. Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), which is organized in three regions and has as its members the national amateur radio societies which exist in most countries. According to an estimate made in 2. American Radio Relay League, two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. A significantly smaller number, about 4. IARU Region 1 (Europe, Middle East, CIS, Africa). Online radio and services. If you play recorded music via an online radio station or online service. Apply online for a PPL Standard Webcaster Licence. How to Buy a Radio Station. You do not need a license to operate a marine VHF radio. How to Apply for a Broadcasting Licence. You must apply to Industry Canada for a frequency. How to get new FM radio LICENSE IN INDIA. How can i get FM radio license in india, tell me the process? How do I get a Chicago radio station WBBM. A low power FM license is a “non. The salient features of policy for expansion of FM radio. India will have to bid for the license. The existing Private FM Station. History. Multiple transceivers are employed for different bands and modes. Computers are used for control, datamodes, SDR and logging. The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 1. The First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America, produced in 1. As with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by amateur operators has founded new industries. It had already been used for bad wired telegraph operators. Other, more entertaining explanations have grown up throughout the years, but they are apocryphal. Activities and practices. Many amateurs begin with a fascination of radio communication and then combine other personal interests to make pursuit of the hobby rewarding. Some of the focal areas amateurs pursue include radio contesting, radio propagation study, public service communication, technical experimentation, and computer networking. Amateur radio operators use various modes of transmission to communicate. The two most common modes for voice transmissions are frequency modulation (FM) and single sideband (SSB). FM offers high quality audio signals, while SSB is better at long distance communication when bandwidth is restricted. Although computer- based (digital) modes and methods have largely replaced CW for commercial and military applications, many amateur radio operators still enjoy using the CW mode. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the Q code, enables communication between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with homebrewers and in particular with . Following changes in international regulations in 2. Specialized digital modes such as PSK3. Echolink using Voice over IP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet- connected repeaters and radio nodes. Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK4. WSJT, are used for weak signal modes including meteor scatter and moonbounce communications. Fast scan amateur television has gained popularity as hobbyists adapt inexpensive consumer video electronics like camcorders and video cards in PCs. Because of the wide bandwidth and stable signals required, amateur television is typically found in the 7. These requirements also effectively limit the signal range to between 2. Repeaters can also be linked together by using other amateur radio bands, landline, or the Internet. Amateur radio satellites can be accessed, some using a hand- held transceiver (HT), even, at times, using the factory . Some join in regularly scheduled on- air meetings with other amateur radio operators, called . In addition to contests, a number of Amateur radio operating award schemes exist, sometimes suffixed with . Also, radio has possible clandestine uses. Both the requirements for and privileges granted to a licensee vary from country to country, but generally follow the international regulations and standards established by the International Telecommunication Union. Amateurs therein must pass an examination to demonstrate technical knowledge, operating competence, and awareness of legal and regulatory requirements, in order to avoid interfering with other amateurs and other radio services. A series of exams are often available, each progressively more challenging and granting more privileges: greater frequency availability, higher power output, permitted experimentation, and, in some countries, distinctive call signs. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, have begun requiring a practical training course in addition to the written exams in order to obtain a beginner's license, which they call a Foundation License. In most countries, an operator will be assigned a call sign with their license. In some countries, a separate . Amateur radio licenses may also be granted to organizations or clubs. In some countries, hams are allowed to operate only club stations. Some countries, such as Syria and Cuba, restrict operation by foreigners to club stations only. In some countries, an amateur radio license is necessary in order to purchase or possess amateur radio equipment. An exam, authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), is required for all levels of the Amateur Radio license. These exams are administered by Volunteer Examiners, accredited by the FCC- recognized Volunteer Examiner Coordinator (VEC) system. The Technician Class and General Class exams consist of 3. To pass, 2. 6 of the 3. Morse Code is no longer tested in the U. S. Once the exam is passed, the FCC issues an Amateur Radio license which is valid for ten years. Studying for the exam is made easier because the entire question pools for all license classes are posted in advance. The question pools are updated every four years by the National Conference of VECs. These examinations are sets of questions typically posed in either a short answer or multiple- choice format. Examinations can be administered by bureaucrats, non- paid certified examiners, or previously licensed amateur radio operators. The ease with which an individual can acquire an amateur radio license varies from country to country. In some countries, examinations may be offered only once or twice a year in the national capital and can be inordinately bureaucratic (for example in India) or challenging because some amateurs must undergo difficult security approval (as in Iran). Currently only Yemen and North Korea do not issue amateur radio licenses to their citizens, although in both cases a limited number of foreign visitors have been permitted to obtain amateur licenses in the past decade. Some developing countries, especially those in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, require the payment of annual license fees that can be prohibitively expensive for most of their citizens. A few small countries may not have a national licensing process and may instead require prospective amateur radio operators to take the licensing examinations of a foreign country. In countries with the largest numbers of amateur radio licensees, such as Japan, the United States, Thailand, Canada, and most of the countries in Europe, there are frequent license examinations opportunities in major cities. Granting a separate license to a club or organization generally requires that an individual with a current and valid amateur radio license who is in good standing with the telecommunications authority assumes responsibility for any operations conducted under the club license or club call sign. A few countries may issue special licenses to novices or beginners that do not assign the individual a call sign but instead require the newly licensed individual to operate from stations licensed to a club or organization for a period of time before a higher class of license can be acquired. Reciprocal licensing. Reciprocal licensing requirements vary from country to country. Some countries have bilateral or multilateral reciprocal operating agreements allowing hams to operate within their borders with a single set of requirements. Some countries lack reciprocal licensing systems. When traveling abroad, visiting amateur operators must follow the rules of the country in which they wish to operate. Some countries have reciprocal international operating agreements allowing hams from other countries to operate within their borders with just their home country license. Other host countries require that the visiting ham apply for a formal permit, or even a new host country- issued license, in advance. The reciprocal recognition of licenses frequently not only depends on the involved licensing authorities, but also on the nationality of the bearer. As an example, in the US, foreign licenses are recognized only if the bearer does not have US citizenship and holds no US license (which may differ in terms of operating privileges and restrictions). Conversely, a US citizen may operate under reciprocal agreements in Canada, but not a non- US citizen holding a US license. Newcomers. Clubs often provide information about licensing, local operating practices, and technical advice. Newcomers also often study independently by purchasing books or other materials, sometimes with the help of a mentor, teacher, or friend.
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